Medical Mnemonics

MEDICAL MNEMONICS Mnemosyne was the Greek goddess of memory,  Her namesake, mnemonics, 
simply means "memory aid".

IF YOU FIND REFERENCES TO FEMALE/MALE ANATOMY OFFENSIVE, THIS LIST IS DEFINITELY NOT FOR YOU!!
ANATOMY 

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Head & Neck
CRANIAL NERVES: I-Optic, II-Olfactory, III-Oculomotor, IV-Trochlear, V-Trigeminal, VI-Abducens, VII-Facial, VIII-Acoustic (Vestibulocochlear), IX-Glossophrayngeal, X-Vagus, XI-Spinal Accessory, XII-Hypoglossal
On Old Olympus Towering Tops, A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops (older and cleaner)
Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel A Girls Vagina And Hymen (newer and, well ...)  

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Which cranial nerve is Sensory, Motor, or Both- Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Breasts Matter More  

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BRANCHES OF FACIAL NERVE: Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Mandibular, Cervical
Ten Zebras Beat My Cock
Two Zulus buggered my cat –(for the sicker, amongst you!)  

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You have I nose. You have II eyes. (I - Olfactory; II -- Optic)  

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Standing Room Only -Exit of branches of trigeminal nerve from the skull S
V1 -Superior orbital fissure, V2 -foramen Rotundum, V3 -foramen Ovale

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For the order of nerves that pass through the superior orbital fissure:
               "Lazy French Tarts Lie Naked in Anticipation."
                (Lacrimal, Frontal, Trochlear, Lateral, Nosociliary, Internal,
                Abducens)

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2  Muscle of mastication- Lateral Lowers- lateral pterygoid is the one that opens the jaw
4  Muscles of Mastication MTPP( which couldbe read as "Empty Peepee") -masseter, temporal, lateral and medial pterygoids --

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Arteries as they come off the external carotid:
Superior thyroid, Ascending pharyngeal, Lingual, Facial, Occipital, Post Auricular, Superficial temporal, Maxillary
Some Anatomists Like Fucking, Others Prefer S & M
Some Angry Lady Figured out PMS
  

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Innervation of Extraocularmotor Muscles:LR6 SO4 3
LR6--Lateral rectus--> VI abductens
SO4--Superior Oblique--> IV Trochlear
3--The remaining 4 eyeball movers = III Oculomotor

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ABC'S of the aortic arch!
Aortic arch gives off the Bracheiocephalic trunk,
the left Common Carotid, and the left
Subclavian artery

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BRACHIAL PLEXUS: Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches
Robert Taylor Drinks Cold Beer.  

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CERVICAL SPINAL NERVES:
c345 keeps the phrenic alive (innervation of phrenic nerve) c345 keep the diaphragm alive (innervation of diaphragm)
c5-6-7 raise your arms to heaven (nerve roots of long thoracic nerve innervate serratus anterior)  

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Cranial Bones 
     Annoying, aren't they? 
     The cranial bones are the PEST OF 6... 
  
     Parietal, Ethmoid,Sphenoid,Temporal,Occipital,Frontal- 6 ? (6-the number of bones!)
     ( another one)  Old People From Texas Eat Spiders.

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LOCATION OF THORACIC DUCT: The duck is between two gooses (duck = thoracic duct) 2 gooses = azyGOUS and esophaGOUS 

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Cartilages of the Larynx - There are 4 cartilages in the larynx whose initial letters are TEAC (also the brandname of a home stereo). 
  Thyroid, Epiglottis, Arytenoid, Cricoid

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Abdomen-Pelvis 
 
INNERVATION OF PENIS:
Parasympathetic puts it up; sympathetic spurts it out
Point , Shoot, Score! (erection, emmision ,ejaculation) Parasympathetic, Sympathetic , Somatomotor
"S2, 3, 4 keep the penis off the floor" Innervation of the penis by branches of the pudental nerve, derived from spinal cord levels S2-4

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Structures perforating the esophagus
"At T8 you see, perforates the IVC" (inferior Vena Cava)
the "EsoVagus" pierce T10 (esophagus, vagus nerve)
T12 - red, white and blue (aorta,thoracic duct,azygous vein)

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Femoral Sheath (lateral to medial) order of things in thigh -NAVEL
Nerve, Artery, Vein, Empty, Space, Lymphatics

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Radial n. innervates the BEST!!!!
Brachioradialis
Extensors
Supinator
Triceps

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Course of Ureters
Water runs under the bridge (uterine a. and ductus deferens)

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Carotid Sheath-- VAN
Internal Jugular Vein
Common carotid Artery
Vagus Nerve

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Dermatomes
C3 is a high turtleneck shirt
T4 is at the nipple
L1 is at the inguinal ligament (or L1 is IL -Inguinal ligament)
Randy Travis Drinks Cold Beer--Brachial plexus
Robert Taylor Drinks Cold Beer
Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches

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Bones of the wrist -Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium,
Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
 
1. Slowly Lower Tilly's Pants To The Curly Hairs
2. Swifty Lower Tilly's Pants to try coitus here. (the risque version)
3.Scared Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle. (Classic version)
 
 
 

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Pelvic Diaphragm
PICOLO(A) -Posterior to anterior
PIriformis
COccygeus
Levator Ani

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Pelvic Splanchic-Parasympathetic
Sacral Splanchic-Sympathetic

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Armies travel over bridges, the Navy travels under.
(Bridge is the ligament...reference to suprascapular artery and nerve.)

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Pad, dab. Dorsal ABduct...Palmar ADduct...interosseous muscles of hand/foot.

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Layers of the epidermis-Germinativum or Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Corneum
Grandpa Shagging Grandma's Love Child. 

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Limbic System- the 5 F’s- Feeding, Fighting, Feeling, Flight and Fucking

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The 5 sphincters found in the Alimentary Canal are APE OIL:
Anal, Pyloric, Lower Esophogeal, Oddi, and Ileocecum.

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  Sally Thompson Loves Sex And Pot pie. The branches of the Axillary Artery are: Superior Thoracic, Thoracoacromial, Lateral Thoracic, Subscapular, Anterior Circumflex Humeral, Posterior Circumflex Humeral, and Profunda Brachii.

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TIRE- four abdominal muscles -- transversus, internal oblique, rectus abdominus, and external oblique

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GFR -Layers of the adrenal:-- Glomerular, Fascicular, Reticular 

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BIOCHEMISTRY

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In the Phasted State Phosphorylate
Phosphorylation cascade active when blood glucose low.

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Exons expressed, Introns in the trash--DNA expression into mature mRNA

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Pyrimidines are CUT from purines.
Pyrimidines are Cytosine, Uracil, Thiamine and are one ring structures.
Purines are double ring structures.

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Amino Acids:The ten essential amino acids:
                "These Ten Valuable Amino Acids Have Long Preserved Life In
                Man."
                (Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine, Arginine, Histidine, Lysine,
                Phenylalanine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine)

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INsulin gets sugar INto cells- (Excess sugar is removed via urine.The  Romans noticed bees attracted to the urine of diabetics and coined the term "diabetes" to describe the overflow of sugar.)

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GOAT FLAP- Eight hormones: Growth hormone, Oxytocin, Adenocorticotropin, Thyroid stimulating hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone, Leutinizing hormone (interstitial cell stimulating hormone in males), Anti-diruetic(Vasopressin), and Prolactin
(shhhh.... also Melatonin!)
 
 

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PHARMACOLOGY

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Morphine excites men, but sedates cats.

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One heart two lungs--beta receptor activity
Beta-1 primarily on heart; airway is beta-2 receptors

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CLINICAL

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Meckel’s diverticulum- rule of 2’s
2 inches long,
2 feet from the ileocecal valve,
2% of the population
commonlly presents in the first 2 years of life
may contain 2 types of epithelial tissue  

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Pheochromocytoma-rule of 10s:
10% malignant
10% Bilateral
10% extraadrenal
10% calcified
10% children
10% familial
* discussed 10 times more often than actually seen  

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Aphasia
"BROKen aphasia" (Broca’s aphasia-broken speech)
"Wordys aphasia" (Wernicke’s aphasia- wordy, but making no sense)  

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GET SMASH'D--Causes of Acute pancreatitis
Gallstones, Ethanol, Trauma, Steroids, Mumps, Autoimmune(PAN), Scorpion bites, Hyperlipidemia, Drugs(azathioprine, diuretics)

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(Multiple endocrine neoplasia) Each of the MENs is a
disease of three or two letters plus a feature.
"MEN I" is a disease of the 3 Ps (pituitary, parathyroid and pancreas)
plus adrenal cortex.
"MEN II " is a disease of the two Cs (carcinoma of the thyroid and
catacholamines [pheochromocytoma]) plus parathyroid for MEN IIa or
mucocutaneous neuromas for MEN IIb (aka MEN III).

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Acute pneumonia caused by Pyogenic bacteria--PMN infiltrate
Acute pneumonia caused by Miscellaneous microbes --Mononuclear infiltrate

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Takayasu's diz = pulseless diz, therefore when you have
Takayasu's, I can't Tak'a yu pulse.

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Argyll-Robertson Pupil--syphilitic pupil (AKA "Prostitute's pupil" - Accommodates, but doesn't react )
Accommodation reflex present, Pupillary reflex absent

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CAGE--alcohol use screening
1. Have you ever felt it necessary to CUT DOWN on your drinking?
2. Has anyone ever told you they were ANNOYED by your drinking?
3. Have you ever felt GUILTY about your drinking?
4. Have you ever felt the need to have a drink in the morning for an EYE OPENER?

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P-Q-R-S-T--eliciting and HPI and exploring symptoms
P--palliative or provocative factors for the pain
Q--quality of pain(burning, stabbing, aching, etc.)
R--region of body affected
S--severity of pain(usually 1-10 scale)
T--timing of pain(eg.-after meals, in the morning, etc.)

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The five W's--post-operative fever
Wind--pneumonia, atelectasis
Water--urinary tract infection
Wound--wound infections
Wonderdrugs--especially anesthesia
Walking--walking can help reduce deep vein thromboses and pulmonary embolus

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ACID or "Anna Cycled Immediately Downhill"
classification of hypersensitivity reactions
Type I - Anaphylaxis
Type II - Cytotoxic-mediated
Type III - Immune-complex
Type IV - Delayed hypersensitivity

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WBC Count:
"Never Let Momma Eat Beans(60, 30, 6, 3, 1)
Neutrophils 60%
Lymphocytes 30%
Monocytes 6%
Eosinophils 3%
Basophils 1%

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A-P-G-A-R:
A - appearance (color)
P - pulse (heart rate)
G - grimmace (reflex, irritability)
A - activity (muscle tone)
R - respiratory effort 

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Predisposing Conditions for Pulmonary Embolism: TOM SCHREPFER
T--trauma
O--obesity
M--malignancy
S--surgery
C--cardiac disease
H--hospitalization
R--rest (bed-bound)
E--estrogen, pregnancy, post-partum
P--past hx
F--fracture
E--elderly
R--road trip  

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The 4 P's of arterial Occlusion: pain pallor pulselessness paresthesias
 

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The 4 T's of Anterior Mediastinal Mass:Thyroid tumor,Thymoma,Teratoma, Terrible Lymphoma

Under Eye Bags & Dark Circles

Medical Causes of Under Eye Bags & Dark Circles

A person's face tells the whole story of what's going on in their body, good or bad. For the most part, dark circles under the eyes are only a cosmetic bother, with no negative health effects. But on some rare occasions, dark circles can be a minor symptom of something worse.

If eye bags are more than just a random occurrence for you, it could be a sign of a more serious health problem.

Causes of Periorbital Dark Circles

• Eczema and Hay Fever - Under eye darkness and eye itchiness is a common symptom of allergic reaction such as hay fever. Eczema causes inflammation and rashes, in addition to dark circles under the eyes.
• Periorbital Hyperpigmentation - This genetic condition is usually a result of allergies or familial heredity, typically for those of Mediterranean descent. The skin under and around the eyes is usually darker than other areas.
• Anemia - Because anemics suffer from a deficiency of iron and other vital nutrients, there is not enough oxygen flowing through the underlying skin beneath the eyes, making bluish dark circles more apparent.
• Liver disease - itchy skin, red swollen eyes, and dark circles under the eyes, as well as the excess visibility of blood vessels in the face, are common symptoms of a diseased liver.
• Pregnancy or Menstruation - Menstruation and pregnancy deplete iron levels in the body, making skin paler. Pale skin beneath the eyes turns purple or bluish in color due to the visibility of veins beneath the semi-translucent skin.

Aside from these medical conditions, dark circles are caused by bruising genes and other hereditary factors, such as the thickness of the skin under your eyes. These blemishes are unsightly, but otherwise harmless, and are fairly easy to treat with dark circles products.

Causes of Puffiness & Eye Bags

Puffy eyes (aka periorbital puffiness) also has various different medical causes. Eye bags form due to excess fluid buildup or swelling of the tissues around and underneath your eyes. Some causes of eye bags include:

• Crying - Aside from making your eyes feel tired and sore, the saltiness of tears causes fluid retention around the eyes, making them look dark and puffy.
• Mononucleosis - In the early stages of a mono infection, eyes can become swollen and irritated
• Oversleeping or Sleep Deprivation - Too much sleep or too little can completely derail your physical health and appearance. Tired, dark and swollen eyes are a common symptom of poor sleeping habits.
• Hypothyroidism - This thyroid hormone deficiency causes paleness, dry, itchy skin, and puffiness around the eyes. This happens as a result of fluid retention in the periorbital tissue, which is caused excess hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate mucopolysaccharides.
• Chagas disease - This infection is caused by a parasite, which causes the eyes to swell up dramatically (also known as Romaña's sign). Although painless, young people are more likely to suffer from periorbital edema caused by Chagas.
• Nephrotic Syndrome - This disorder is the result of kidney damage, and causes edema all over the body, usually starting with your face and eyes. Edema is an abnormal (and scary-looking) occurrence of extreme fluid retention beneath the skin. Massively swollen and puffy eyes are one of the first symptoms of nephrotic syndrome.
• Periorbital cellulitis - This infection causes severe inflammation in the infected eyelid and surrounding skin. Blurred vision, redness, teary eyes, and dark circles are all common symptoms.
• Trichinosis - This parasitic disease is caused by eating raw, undercooked pork. Symptoms around the eyes include mild puffiness, periorbital edema, swelling and pain. The blood vessels beneath the eyes become swelled to the point of destruction (also known as vasculitis).

How to Treat Dark Circles

If you suspect that you may be suffering from one of the above medical conditions, you should definitely consult a doctor to determine the best treatment for you.

However, if your dark circles are the result of fatigue or stress and not a medical problem, these blemishes can be treated safely by a wide array of home remedies and natural eye creams.

NEMONIC for causes of CLUBBING>>>

the mnemonic is C.L.U.B.B.I.N.G, while the L has an extension of A.B.C.D.E.F

Cyanotic heart disease
Lung disease

Abscess
Bronchiectasis
Cystic Fibrosis
Dont say COPD
Empyema
Fibrosis

Ulcerative Collitis + Inflammatory Bowel Disease(Crohn's Disease)
Biliarty cirrhosis
Birth Defects
Infective Endocarditis
Neoplasm(eg. Lung cancer or mesothelioma)
Gastrointestinal malabsorption syndrome(Coeliac disease)

Secondary Hypertension

Secondary Hypertension 

 "Alcoholic Obese Pregnant Drug abuser showing Endocrine abnormality diagnosed with Coarctation of aorta"

Respiratory System Examination

Respiratory Examination

This is essentially an examination of the patient’s lungs; however it is a complex examination which also includes examination of other parts of the body including the hands, face and neck.

The respiratory examination aims to pick up on any respiratory (breathing) pathology that may be causing a patient’s symptoms e.g. shortness of breath, cough, wheeze etc.  Common conditions include chest infections, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).  This examination is performed on every patient that is admitted to hospital and regularly in clinics and general practice.

Like most major examination stations this follows the usual procedure of inspect, palpate, percuss, auscultate (look, feel, tap, listen).  It is an essential skill to master and is often examined in OSCEs.

Subject steps

1. Begin by washing your hands, introduce yourself and clarify the patient’s identity.  Explain what you would like to do and gain the patient’s consent.

   Offer a chaperone for this examination

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     Wash your hands
2. The patient should be sitting up and exposed from the waist up. Make a general observation of the patient. Check whether they are comfortable at rest, do they looktachypnoeic, are they using accessory muscles, are there any obvious abnormalities of the chest. Also check for any clues around the bed such as inhalers, oxygen masks, or cigarettes.

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     Observe the patient from the end of the bed
3. Move to the hands. Hot, pink peripheries may be a sign of carbon dioxide retention. Look for any signs of clubbing or nicotine staining. Ask the patient to extend their arms and cock their wrists to 90 degrees. Observe the hands in this position for 30 seconds; a coarse flap may also be a sign of carbon dioxide retention.

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     Inspect the patient's hands

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     Look for CO2 flap
4. At the wrist you should take the patient’s pulse. A bounding pulse may indicate carbon dioxide retention. After you have taken the pulse it is advisable to keep your hands in the same position and subtly count the patient’s respiration rate. This helps to keep it as natural as possible.

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     Take the radial pulse
5. Move up to the face. Ask the patient to stick out their tongue and note its colour checking for anaemia or central cyanosis. Remember to ask them to raise their tongue up and check underneath.

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     Inspect the mouth and tongue
6. Look for any use of accessory muscles such as the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Also palpate for the left supraclavicular node (Virchow’s Node).  This drains the thoracic duct so an enlarged node (Troisier’s Sign) may suggest metastatic cancer e.g. lung or abdominal.

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     Palpate for the left supraclavicular node
7. The examination now moves onto the chest. Take time to observe the chest looking for any abnormalities such as changes in rib cage shape, or scars. Remember these may be in the axillae or on the back.
8. Now palpate the chest. Firstly feel between the heads of the two clavicles for the trachea. If it is deviated, it may suggest a tumour or pneumothorax.

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     Palpate the trachea
9. Feel for chest expansion. Place your hands firmly on the chest wall with your thumbs meeting in the midline. Ask the patient to take a deep breath in and note the distance your thumbs move apart. Normally this should be at least 5 centimetres. You should measure this at the top and bottom of the lungs as well as on the back.

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     Assess chest expansion
10. Perform percussion on both sides, comparing similar areas on both sides. You should start by tapping on the clavicle which gives an indication of the resonance in the apex. Then percuss normally for the entire lung fields. Hyper-resonance may suggest a collapsed lung where as hypo-resonance or dullness suggests consolidation such as in infection, effusion or a tumour. Be sure to perform this on the back as well.

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      Percuss the lung fields
11. Check for tactile vocal fremitus. Place the medial edge of your hand on the chest and ask the patient to say “99″. Do this with your hand in the upper, middle and lower areas of both lungs. This again gives a suggestion of the constitution of the tissue deep to your hand.

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      Check for tactile vocal fremitus
12. Finally, auscultate. Do this in all areas of both lungs and on front and back comparing the sides to each other. Listen for any reduced breathe sounds, or added sounds such as crackles, wheeze, pleural rub or rhonchi.

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      Auscultate left lung

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      Auscultate right lung
13. Whilst using the stethoscope, ask the patient to again say “99″ whilst listening in all areas – this is a more reliable test than the one described earlier.
14. Finish by examining the lymph nodes in the head and neck. Start under the chin with the submental nodes, move along to the submandibular then to the back of the head at the occipital nodes. Next palpate the pre- and post- auricular nodes. Move down the cervical chain and onto the supraclavicular nodes.

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      Palpate the submental lymph nodes

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      Palpate the submandibular lymph nodes

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      Palpate the occipital lymph nodes

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      Palpate the pre-auricular lymph nodes

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      Palpate the post-auricular lymph nodes

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      Palpate the cervical lymph nodes
15. Thank your patient and allow them to dress.  Wash your hands and report your findings to your examiner.

- See more at: http://www.osceskills.com/e-learning/subjects/respiratory-examination/#sthash.F9UV535w.dpuf